Homocysteine as a biomarker of physical activity and exercise tolerance in adolescent children
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15391/prrht.2024-9(4).07Keywords:
homocysteine, physical activity, children, adolescents, exercise tolerance, sportAbstract
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the homocysteine content in children and adolescents with different levels of physical activity, to establish the relationship between homocysteine content, indicators of physical development, level of physical activity and tolerance to physical activity in adolescence.
Material and Methods. We examined 83 children aged 11 to 17 years, who were examined by a pediatrician, an endocrinologist, and the girls by a pediatric gynecologist. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Committee on Bioethics and Deontology. Height, body weight and body mass index were assessed; physical activity tolerance by the Ruffier test; physical activity was assessed using a questionnaire; serum homocysteine was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results. 81% of adolescents with high physical activity had regular sports training at least three times a week. In the group with low physical fitness, only 25.6 % attended sports sections, and 44.2 % of adolescents were completely physically inactive. The level of homocysteine in the blood did not depend on the sex of adolescents and physical development. Moderate hyperhomocysteinemia was detected in 41 adolescents, 68.3 % of whom had poor and low exercise tolerance and/or low physical activity. Statistically significantly higher homocysteine levels were observed in children with low physical activity (p<0.05), those who did not have sports training (p=0.027) or had reduced adaptation to physical activity (p<0.01).
Conclusions. The level of homocysteine in the blood serum of adolescents did not depend on gender, physical development and the presence of somatic pathology. Low physical activity of adolescents is accompanied by increased levels of homocysteine in the blood. On the contrary, adolescents with high physical activity have lower levels. The lowest levels of homocysteine are observed in adolescents with good to excellent exercise tolerance. Unsatisfactory and weak Ruffier test results are associated with elevated homocysteine levels in adolescents
References
Alomari, M. A., Khabour, O. F., Gharaibeh, M. Y., & Qhatan, R. A. (2016). Effect of physical activity on levels of homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 in the elderly. The Physician and sportsmedicine, 44(1), 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2016.1135037
Balint, B., Jepchumba, V. K., Guéant, J. L., & Guéant-Rodriguez, R. M. (2020). Mechanisms of homocysteine-induced damage to the endothelial, medial and adventitial layers of the arterial wall. Biochimie, 173, 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2020.02.012
Bates, C. J., Mansoor, M. A., Gregory, J., Pentiev, K., & Prentice, A. (2002). Correlates of plasma homocysteine, cysteine and cysteinyl-glycine in respondents in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of young people aged 4-18 years, and a comparison with the survey of people aged 65 years and over. The British journal of nutrition, 87(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001479
Bocharova, V.O., Kalmykova, Y.S., Kalmykov, S.A. (2020). Modern views on the use of physical therapy for patients with arterial hypertension. Fizicna Reabilitacia ta Rekreacijno-Ozdorovci Tehnologii. 5(1), 66-70. https://doi.org/10.15391/prrht.2020-5(1).09
Bratland-Sanda, S., Schmidt, S. K., Reinboth, M. S., & Vrabel, K. A. (2022). Under pressure to exercise: a cross-sectional study of characteristics and predictors of compulsive exercise in early adolescents. Journal of eating disorders, 10(1), 156. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-022-00686-8
Choi, J. K., Moon, K. M., Jung, S. Y., Kim, J. Y., Choi, S. H., Kim, D. Y., Kang, S., Chu, C. W., & Kwon, S. M. (2014). Regular exercise training increases the number of endothelial progenitor cells and decreases homocysteine levels in healthy peripheral blood. The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology : official journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology, 18(2), 163–168. https://doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.2.163
Chrysant, S. G., & Chrysant, G. S. (2018). The current status of homocysteine as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a mini review. Expert review of cardiovascular therapy, 16(8), 559–565. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779072.2018.1497974
Costa, P. R. F., Kinra, S., D'Almeida, V., & Assis, A. M. O. (2018). Serum Homocysteine and Cysteine Levels and Anthropometric Changes: A Longitudinal Study among Brazilian Children and Adolescents. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 37(1), 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2017.1360806
de Oliveira Leite, L., Costa Dias Pitangueira, J., Ferreira Damascena, N., & Ribas de Farias Costa, P. (2021). Homocysteine levels and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition reviews, 79(9), 1067–1078. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa116
Deminice, R., Vannucchi, H., Simões-Ambrosio, L. M., & Jordao, A. A. (2011). Creatine supplementation reduces increased homocysteine concentration induced by acute exercise in rats. European journal of applied physiology, 111(11), 2663–2670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-1891-6
Di Santolo, M., Banfi, G., Stel, G., & Cauci, S. (2009). Association of recreational physical activity with homocysteine, folate and lipid markers in young women. European journal of applied physiology, 105(1), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0880-x
Duncan, G. E., Perri, M. G., Anton, S. D., Limacher, M. C., Martin, A. D., Lowenthal, D. T., Arning, E., Bottiglieri, T., & Stacpoole, P. W. (2004). Effects of exercise on emerging and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Preventive medicine, 39(5), 894–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.03.012
Fournier, P., Fourcade, J., Roncalli, J., Salvayre, R., Galinier, M., & Caussé, E. (2015). Homocysteine in Chronic Heart Failure. Clinical laboratory, 61(9), 1137–1145. https://doi.org/10.7754/clin.lab.2015.141238
Ganguly, P., & Alam, S. F. (2015). Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease. Nutrition journal, 14, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-14-6
Hamilton M. T. (2018). The role of skeletal muscle contractile duration throughout the whole day: reducing sedentary time and promoting universal physical activity in all people. The Journal of physiology, 596(8), 1331–1340. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273284
Heine, M., Lupton-Smith, A., Pakosh, M., Grace, S. L., Derman, W., & Hanekom, S. D. (2019). Exercise-based rehabilitation for major non-communicable diseases in low-resource settings: a scoping review. BMJ global health, 4(6), e001833. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001833
Herrmann, M., Schorr, H., Obeid, R., Scharhag, J., Urhausen, A., Kindermann, W., & Herrmann, W. (2003). Homocysteine increases during endurance exercise. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, 41(11), 1518–1524. https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2003.233
Joubert, L. M., & Manore, M. M. (2006). Exercise, nutrition, and homocysteine. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 16(4), 341–361. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.16.4.341
Kamat, P. K., Mallonee, C. J., George, A. K., Tyagi, S. C., & Tyagi, N. (2016). Homocysteine, Alcoholism, and Its Potential Epigenetic Mechanism. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 40(12), 2474–2481. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13234
König, D., Bissé, E., Deibert, P., Müller, H. M., Wieland, H., & Berg, A. (2003). Influence of training volume and acute physical exercise on the homocysteine levels in endurance-trained men: interactions with plasma folate and vitamin B12. Annals of nutrition & metabolism, 47(3-4), 114–118. https://doi.org/10.1159/000070032
Kowalski, K. C., Crocker, P.R. E. & Donen, R. M. (2004). The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and Adolescents (PAQ-A) Manual. College of Kinesiology University of Saskatchewan. https://www.prismsports.org/UserFiles/file/PAQ_manual_ScoringandPDF.pdf
Kuo, H. K., Yen, C. J., & Bean, J. F. (2005). Levels of homocysteine are inversely associated with cardiovascular fitness in women, but not in men: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Journal of internal medicine, 258(4), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01546.x
Maroto-Sánchez, B., Lopez-Torres, O., Palacios, G., & González-Gross, M. (2016). What do we know about homocysteine and exercise? A review from the literature. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, 54(10), 1561–1577. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2015-1040
Morozov, A. V. & Budreyko, E.A. (2013. Assessment of physical activity in healthy and diabetic children and adolescents (review and own results). Problems of Endocrine Pathology, 4, 79-87. https://doi.org/10.21856/j-PEP.2013.4.09
Okura, T., Rankinen, T., Gagnon, J., Lussier-Cacan, S., Davignon, J., Leon, A. S., Rao, D. C., Skinner, J. S., Wilmore, J. H., & Bouchard, C. (2006). Effect of regular exercise on homocysteine concentrations: the HERITAGE Family Study. European journal of applied physiology, 98(4), 394–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0294-6
Pojednic, R., D'Arpino, E., Halliday, I., & Bantham, A. (2022). The Benefits of Physical Activity for People with Obesity, Independent of Weight Loss: A Systematic Review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(9), 4981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19094981
Rak, L.I., Kashina-Yarmak, V.L., & Yeshchenko A.V. (2023). Physical activity of teenagers in conditions of social restriction. Modern Pediatrics. Ukrainе, 5(133), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.15574/SP.2023.133.39.
Rak, L.I., Yeshchenko, A.V., Kashina-Yarmak, V.L., & Muzhanovskyi, V.Iu. Funktsionalna diahnostyka u ditei pidlitkovoho viku. Navchalnyi posibnyk. Kharkiv. 2023. 204 s. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1K52bMsE2AM067FzT7RT_4RIzCaIvJjyE/view
Randeva, H. S., Lewandowski, K. C., Drzewoski, J., Brooke-Wavell, K., O'Callaghan, C., Czupryniak, L., Hillhouse, E. W., & Prelevic, G. M. (2002). Exercise decreases plasma total homocysteine in overweight young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 87(10), 4496–4501. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2001-012056
Ruiz, J. R., Sola, R., Gonzalez-Gross, M., Ortega, F. B., Vicente-Rodriguez, G., Garcia-Fuentes, M., Gutierrez, A., Sjöström, M., Pietrzik, K., & Castillo, M. J. (2007). Cardiovascular fitness is negatively associated with homocysteine levels in female adolescents. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 161(2), 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.161.2.166
Shi, Y., Wu, Z., Wu, J., Chen, Z., & Li, P. (2022). Serum Homocysteine Level Is Positively Correlated With Serum Uric Acid Level in U.S. Adolescents: A Cross Sectional Study. Frontiers in nutrition, 9, 818836. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.818836
Shlyakhova, N.V. & Plekhova, О.І. (2014). Cytokine profile changes in healthy children and adolescents in the puberty stages. Ukrainian Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 1, 7-14. http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/ujde_2014_1_3
Solovyov, V.O., Kalmykov, S.A., Kalmykova, Yu.S. (2020). Evaluation of the effectiveness of physical therapy with ischemic heart disease. Fizicna Reabilitacia ta Rekreacijno-Ozdorovci Tehnologii, 5(2), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.15391/prrht.2020-5(2).07
Sotgia, S., Carru, C., Caria, M. A., Tadolini, B., Deiana, L., & Zinellu, A. (2007). Acute variations in homocysteine levels are related to creatine changes induced by physical activity. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 26(4), 444–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2007.05.003
Tawfik, A., Samra, Y. A., Elsherbiny, N. M., & Al-Shabrawey, M. (2020). Implication of Hyperhomocysteinemia in Blood Retinal Barrier (BRB) Dysfunction. Biomolecules, 10(8), 1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10081119
van Beynum, I. M., den Heijer, M., Thomas, C. M., Afman, L., Oppenraay-van Emmerzaal, D., & Blom, H. J. (2005). Total homocysteine and its predictors in Dutch children. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 81(5), 1110–1116. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.5.1110
