Correction and Retraction

The Editorial Board is committed to maintaining the integrity of the scientific record and responds promptly to reports of errors or misconduct.

Corrections (Errata / Corrigenda)

If an unintentional error is discovered in a published article that does not invalidate its findings (e.g., a typo in an author's name or a calculation error in a single table), the journal will publish a Correction notice linked to the original article via DOI.
 

Retraction

A manuscript may be retracted following an investigation by the Editorial Board in cases of:
  • Significant plagiarism or redundant publication.
  • Fabrication or falsification of data.
  • Invalid findings due to major methodological flaws.
  • Violation of research ethics.
    A formal Retraction notice is published, and a "RETRACTED" watermark is applied to the article PDF. The article remains on the website to maintain the integrity of the scholarly record.